UN Human Development Index (HDI)

The Human Development Index (commonly abbreviated HDI) is a summary of human development around the world and implies whether a country is developed, still developing, or underdeveloped based on factors such as life expectancy, education, literacy, gross domestic product per capita. The results of the HDI are published in the Human Development Report, which is commissioned by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and is written by scholars, those who study world development and members of the Human Development Report Office of the UNDP. According to the UNDP, human development is â€Å"about creating an environment in which people can develop their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests. People are the real wealth of nations. Development is thus about expanding the choices people have to lead lives that they value.† Human Development Index Background The main motivation for the Human Development Report itself was a focus on only real income per capita as the basis for a country’s development and prosperity. The UNDP claimed that economic prosperity as shown with real income per capita was not the only factor in measuring human development because these numbers do not necessarily mean a country’s people as a whole are better off. Thus, the first Human Development Report used the HDI and examined such concepts as health and life expectancy, education, and work and leisure time. The Human Development Index Today The second dimension measured in the HDI is a country’s overall knowledge level as measured by the adult literacy rate combined with the gross enrollment ratios of students in primary school through the university level. The third and final dimension in the HDI is a country’s standard of living. Those with higher standards of living rank higher than those with lower standards of living. This dimension is measured with the gross domestic product per capita in purchasing power parity terms, based on United States dollars. In order to accurately calculate each of these dimensions for the HDI, a separate index is calculated for each of them based on the raw data gathered during studies. The raw data is then put into a formula with minimum and maximum values to create an index. The HDI for each country is then calculated as an average of the three indices which include the life expectancy index, the gross enrollment index, and the gross domestic product. 2011 Human Development Report 2011 Human Development report 1) Norway2) Australia3) United States4) Netherlands5) Germany The category of â€Å"Very High Human Development includes places like Bahrain, Israel, Estonia, and Poland. Countries with â€Å"High Human Development† are next and include Armenia, the Ukraine, and Azerbaijan. There is a category called Medium Human Development which includes Jordan, Honduras, and South Africa. Finally, countries with â€Å"Low Human Development† include such places as Togo, Malawi, and Benin. Criticisms of the Human Development Index Despite these criticisms, the HDI continues to be used today and is important because it consistently draws the attention of governments, corporations, and international organizations to portions of development which focus on aspects other than income like health and education. To learn more about the Human Development Index, visit the United Nations Development Program website.

The Ideal Style And Application Methods Of Leadership Essay

Change Management within this Organization Leadership is; expected, valued, respected and rewarded within this organization. This trait is specially selected for, and then systematically developed and honed at all levels, and at all positions within the organization. The ideal style and application methods of such leadership within this organization has evolved over the years. And, the organization now places a high premium on those individuals who can not only lead, but that can then readily follow as the situation dictates, who can compete and then later cooperate, and those who can best transition their applied leadership and management style; to best fit the situation and circumstances at hand, ensuring optimal results while inspiring excellence in performance. Rather than those who, for example, simply default to an autocratic and dictatorial leadership style. Autocratic and dictatorial leadership styles were the norm for western armies as recent as World War I. The military historian Professor Gary Sheffield, on the BBC website, captures well the sentiment and perspective shared by many historians who’s common †¦stereotype is that the ordinary soldiers were lions led by donkeys – the donkeys being incompetent, uncaring generals, responsible for thousands of unnecessary deaths during WWI. And while Professor Sheffield goes on to argue effectively in regards to the inherent leadership capability and merits of a series of British Military leaders of that time; to includeShow MoreRelatedVisionary Leadership : The Ideal Management Style964 Words   |  4 Pages business leaders are coming to understand that management styles are more about organizational circumstance rather than individual preferences. Often, it is necessary to use more than one leadership style. Which ones depend on what challenge the business leader curre ntly faces. 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The Inequalities Surrounding Indigenous Health Free Essays

The Inequalities Surrounding Australian Indigenous Health Inequality in health is one of the most controversial topics within Australian Health Care. Inequality in relation to health is defined as being â€Å"differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups† (World Health Organization, 2012). Within Australia inequality affects a wide range of population groups; however Indigenous Australians are most widely affected therefore this paper will focus on how inequality has impacted their health. We will write a custom essay sample on The Inequalities Surrounding Indigenous Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now Research shows that Australia’s Indigenous people suffer from a multitude of social and economic inequalities such as inadequate access to nutritious food and health care, being socially and economically ostracized, cultural barriers, discrimination, inadequate shelter and sanitation, and insufficient education (Commonwealth Grants Commission 2001, p. 58-60; Australian Human Rights Commission 2007), which all contribute to poor health physically, emotionally and spiritually. To gain a better understanding of the ill treatment of this population it is important to review Australian history and the affects on the individual and the community. Throughout history Indigenous Australians have suffered great inequality at the hands of white settlers. In 1788 the British colonialists arrived claiming the continent as their own without respect or consideration for its inhabitants. The inequality suffered by the Indigenous due to this lack of respect was brutal and executed with contempt, such as large scale massacres, assimilation of Indigenous children (known as the stolen generation), the banishment of entire communities, and a loss of land impacting on the hunter gatherer lifestyle etc. Australian Indigenous Health Info Net, 2011). Prior to the arrival of the British, â€Å"Indigenous Australians generally enjoyed better health †¦ than most people living in Europe† (Australian Indigenous Health Info Net, 2011), this could be directly due to the nomadic lifestyle and relatively small clans. According to the Australian Indigenous Health Info Net after the arrival of the British, Indigenous tribes were exposed to a n umber of diseases such as pertussis, small pox, tuberculosis, venereal diseases, measles, scarlet fever and Influenza. Having had no previous exposure to such afflictions Indigenous Australians endured a significant loss of life and their social structure was severely disrupted (2011). Throughout history inaccessibility of conventional health services and insufficient distribution of health frameworks in some Indigenous communities, has inevitably created a disadvantage to be as healthy as non-Indigenous Australians (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2007). Although society has advanced and is now bound by more equitable laws, large numbers of Indigenous Australians as individuals and as communities continue to suffer lower socioeconomic circumstances and health inequalities. This history of inequality, discrimination and overall mistreatment has not only had a prolific impact on the health and socioeconomic status of Indigenous individuals but it has contributed to an increase in detrimental social conditions and a lack of faith in their Non-Indigenous counterparts, the Government and the Australian Health Care System. Isaacs, Pyett, Oakley-Brown, Gruis, and Waples-Crowe (2010) found that â€Å"A general lack of trust in mainstream services by the Indigenous community and previous experiences of racism and discrimination can draw individuals away from these services† (p. 78). VicHealth determines that the disadvantages of financial hardship has a considerable residual influence on health inequalities (2005, p. 1). Low income and financial hardship has commonly been linked with poor housing and hygiene. Disadvantaged Indigenous individuals are more than often sharing their dwellings and overcrowding is not unlikely. Overcrowding generally means that there is an unavoidable spread of disease (Commonwealth Grants Commission, 2001, p. 58-60), placing significant strain on an individual’s financial position, due to higher expenditure outcomes, affecting their ability to seek health treatment. Such strain can increase the individuals stress levels. The Australian Human Rights Commission points out that stress â€Å"can impact on the body’s immune system, circulatory system, and metabolic functions through a variety of hormonal pathways and is associated with a range of health problems, particularly diseases of the circulatory system (2007). Indigenous individuals are strongly identify with their community and work together to heal rather than exclusively. Therefore socio-economic disadvantages, intolerance and health inequalities that affect Indigenous individuals also have an impact on their communities. The introduction to the western/European way of living, loss of ancestral land, intolerance and the economic disadvantages that Indigenous Australians suffer fuels socially related conditions within their communities such as substance abuse, violence, increased degrees of infectious diseases and chronic diseases etc. ulminating in higher mortality rates than non-Indigenous Australians (Duckett Willcox, 2011, p. 34-35). Stephens, Porter, Nettleton and Willis (2006) state that â€Å"infectious disease burden persists for Indigenous communities with high rates of diseases such as tuberculosis, and inequality also exists in the prevalence of chronic disease, including diabetes and heart disease† (p. 2022). Statisti cs show mortality for most age groups of the Indigenous population is twice that of non-indigenous people. The highest rate of mortality of Indigenous people is six times that of non-Indigenous Australians, this mortality is encountered by both males and females aged between 35-44 years of age (Duckett Willcox, 2011, p. 33). Consistency of low socioeconomic position in Indigenous communities is a causality of ill health which exacerbates Indigenous people’s disparity, contributing a continuum of disparity and ill health among generations (VicHealth, 2005, p. 3). These impacts of health inequality for Indigenous Australians on the Australian health system are varied. Hospitals and health services experience a higher influx of Indigenous patients compared to their counterparts (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2007). The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare maintains that the ratio of Indigenous patients in health care settings compared to non-Indigenous is about three to one. Indigenous people present with a plethora of health problems including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, substance and violence related injuries, mental illness etc. (2011). All of these health issues have a deep correlation with inequality. The high rates of patient intakes and health issues surrounding Indigenous people suggests they are not accessing health services and health education that encourages and aids in prevention. As mentioned earlier Isaacs et al (2010) stated that this is a direct impact of fear and trust related to racial discrimination (p. 78). Insufficient education may play a role in the inability to understand what services are available to them. An abundance of health services are available to urban Indigenous communities; however access to services for more remote communities poses much financial difficulty and stress. Financial stress has also impacted the health care system as funding continually needs expansion to support the outcomes of poor health inequalities for this population. In 2006-2007 â€Å"Indigenous health care expenditure accounted for 3. 3% of national expenditure† (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2011). The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare states that this is only slightly higher than what is allocated to services accessed by Non-Indigenous Australians, even though Indigenous people suffer a higher burden of disease (2011). It is evidential that more services are required to create preventative outcomes and to relieve financial burden across the board. Considering Indigenous people generally work as a community rather than as individuals (being that they are clan affiliated) perhaps it would be more beneficial for the community as a whole to address what improvements need to be made to better suit their cultural beliefs. Freemantle, Officer, McAullay and Anderson (2007) acknowledge that Indigenous communities who oversee attainable and adaptable services have consistent, convincing health improvements (p. ). Community leaders should work cohesively with local and state governments to create more holistic approaches toward gaining effective health outcomes. This may mean making the choice to take a leap of faith in the health care system and the government that has primarily been responsible for the mistreatment of Indigenous peoples. In addition the government at a national level is cohesively strategiz ing to improve life for Indigenous people. The Council of Australian Governments (COAG) has agreed upon a strategy developed to ‘Close the Gap’. Closing the Gap is a commitment by all Australian governments to improve the lives of Indigenous Australians, and in particular provide a better future for Indigenous children† (Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, 2009). State health departments such as VicHealth are also aiming to create improved health equality by enhancing awareness across all sectors, engaging in promotion to decrease health inequalities, establishing schemes that address health inequalities etc. (2005, p. ). Compared to the global community, Australian life expectancy and morbidity rates for Indigenous people have been found to be greater than that of other developed communities such as New Zealand, Canada and the USA (Freemantle et al. 2007, p. 2). The Freemantle et al. research (2007) revealed that Australian Indigenous people had an inferior life expectancy with males living approximately 56 years and females 63 years. In comparison, Canada’s Indigenous males lived approximately 68. 9 years and females 76. 6 years. In addition, the discrepancy in life expectancy between Australia’s Indigenous population and their non-Indigenous counterparts is marginally greater than that of other developed nations, with non-Indigenous Australians life expectancy at 76. 6 years for males and 82 years for females. In relation to morbidity, compared to the USA Australian Indigenous people experience an increased rate of illness such as diabetes at 85. 4, while the American Indigenous people only experience a rate of diabetes at 36. 2 (p. 26-28). It is evidential that Australian Indigenous populations suffer higher rates of health inequalities compared to other developed countries; this may be proof that Australia is not doing enough to bridge the gap. However it must be acknowledged that underdeveloped nations experience much lower rates of life expectancy and greater rates of illness, than developed nations. In conclusion it is suffice to say that since white settlement, Indigenous Australians as individuals and communities have suffered great health inequalities, due to racial discrimination and low socio-economic disadvantages. Although the Australian government and the health care systems are working towards amending these health inequalities, working cohesively with Indigenous communities will increase positive outcomes. Evidence shows that more effective action needs to be committed to and enforced. References Australian Government. (2001). Commonwealth grants commission: Indigenous funding inquiry. Retrieved March 26th, 2012, from www. cgc. gov. au/publications2/other_inquiries2/indigenous_funding_inquiry2/reports_and_other_documents/indigenous_funding_inquiry_-_final_report Australian Human Rights Commission. (2007, April 29-30). Social determinants and the health of Indigenous peoples in Australia: A human rights based approach. Retrieved March 26th, 2012, from www. hreoc. gov. au/about/media/speeches/social_justice/2007/social_determinants_n_the_health_of_indig_peoples. html Australian Indigenous Health Info Net. (2011). The context of Indigenous health. Retrieved March 23rd, 2012, from http://www. healthinfonet. ecu. edu. au/health-facts/overviews/the-context-of-indigenous-health Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2011). The health and welfare of Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. How to cite The Inequalities Surrounding Indigenous Health, Papers

Infection Control in Hospital Patients-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Infection Control in Hospital. Answer: Introduction Infection controlrefers to the discipline that is concerned with management and prevention healthcare associated or nosocomial infections in hospital settings. It is an essential topic in nursing owing to the fact that it forms the foundation of healthcare services, which aims to improve health and wellbeing of all patients. Infection control is selected as the research topic due to the fact that it is imperative topublic healthpractice (Krein et al. 2012). Its forms the major component of all kinds of invasive procedures that are administered upon patients in healthcare settings. Thus, infection control has two major implications in nursing practice (Rosenthal et al. 2012). While environmental disinfection will help in effectively controlling outbreak of an epidemic, it will also prevent spread of the infection by identifying exposure of all patients and healthcare staff to contagious infection. Further benefit is associated with the fact that the practice will remain in good standi ng with the standards and codes of nursing practice and will also help in increasing awareness on maintaining hygiene (Tacconelli et al. 2014). Reasons for undertaking research- The research activity has been undertaken on the aforementioned topic of infection control due to the fact that it is the primary objective of nurses in preventing the spread of pathogens such as, bacteria and viruses. It is essential in order to maintain a safe hospital environment for all patients. Reducing the risk of spread of pathogens will help in lowering rates of hospital acquired infections and will also ensure delivery of appropriate nursing practices. In addition, most sick and disabled people are cared for at hospitals in confined spaces. This increases their likelihood of getting affected with several microorganisms (CDC 2012). Therefore, it is essential to control the spread of infections. Furthermore, the research will also help in strengthening and increasing my awareness on demonstration of adequate nursing standards, thereby enhancing my clinical expertise and improving professional development. The research will also help in compar ing the effectiveness of traditional use of soap and water with chlorhexidine impregnated washcloths, thereby facilitating an easy understanding of the infection control practice that should be implemented in nursing practice (Rosenthal et al. 2013). It will also help in improving the nursing competencies through an exhaustive analysis of relevant literature, thereby assisting nursing workflow. Research question/hypothesis- The research question on which this research activity will be conducted is as follows: Does use of chlorhexidine washcloths reduce nosocomial infections? This research question will act as answerable inquiry that will facilitate addressing specific issue related to infection control in hospital patients. Research objective- It aims to evaluate the effectiveness of bathing using chlorhexidine washcloths in preventing hospital acquired infections. It will also compare the effects of proposed intervention with traditional infection control methods. This will further assist healthcare professionals such as, nursing staff in implementing the findings in future practice, thereby lowering rates of infection and improving the overall health and wellbeing of clients. Another discipline that can be correlated to this research activity is patient safety. This discipline emphasizes on safety of patients in healthcare settings through adoption of appropriate prevention strategies that are formulated with the aim of reducing medical errors (Borer et al. 2012). Thus, patient safety helps in eliminating chances of adverse patient outcomes. It encompasses reporting and analysis of all kinds of errors that might violate patient rights and predispose them to health hazards. Thus, in addition to nursing, the research activity will also enhance the arena of patient safety. Sources- Two sources that will be utilized to gather information on relevant articles related to infection control are as follows: PubMed- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Cochrane Library- https://www.cochranelibrary.com/ Methods of gathering information- Information will be gathered by searching relevant articles from the aforementioned sources. The research question is kept comprehensive and specific. The study will focus on using specific key terms or search terms that will help in retrieving articles that are relevant to the research question. Key search terms such as, infection control, infection prevention, hygiene, hospital infection, nosocomial, chlorhexidine, washcloth will be used in combination with several boolean operators namely, AND, OR, and NOT. Use of these operators will help in excluding articles that have been unpublished or are not relevant to the topic of interest. Systematic reviews will be used to collect information on use of chlorhexidine due to the fact that they contain exhaustive analysis of a wide range of studies and help in formulating answers to the proposed question in a structured format. Using systematic reviews in place of any other method will help in sysnthesising all available evidences on the particular question and will help us determine how effective the proposed intervention is. Systematic approach- Huang et al. (2016) conducted a systematic review that aimed to investigate effectiveness of daily chlorhexidine bathing in preventing nosocomial infections among ICU patients. Owing to the fact that healthcare associated infections are found to increase the length of hospitalization among critically ill patients and also increase associated medical costs, selection of this systematic review was a correct approach in retrieving information. It included articles extracted from EMBASE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. It included 3 RCTs and 12 quasi-experimental studies, the primary outcomes of which were associated with rates of catheter linked bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, and pneumonia. Results from most articles included in the review indicated that use of chlorhexidine in daily bathing helped in significantly reducing HAI among patients. Daily bathing in CHG was also found to lower mortality rates and occurren ce of adverse events. A randomized control trial conducted by Climo et al. (2013) evaluated the effectiveness of daily bathing using CHG impregnated washcloths on incidence of hospital infections and drug resistant organism acquisition. On conducting the trial among patient across 6 ICUs, findings of the trial showed a significant reduction in infection acquisition and rates of MRSA and VRE. A significant decrease was also observed in bloodstream associated infections during the intervention period. A quasi-experimental study was conducted among 3 cohorts to determine the effect of hospital wide CHG bathing on nosocomial infections. Upon administration of CHG bathing in form of showers or bed basin bath, the rate of HAI was monitored. Findings suggested that adherence to CHG bathing was more in adult patients in ICU. Furthermore, a significant decrease was observed in the infection rates during the intervention period, which was succeeded by increase in the washout period. Thus, implementation of chlorhexidine did not show any adverse effects on patient health. Analysis of the survey responses suggested that most nurses were capable of successfully implementing standardized bathing protocol (Rupp et al. 2012). A before-and-after study was conducted to describe the impact of CHG impregnated washcloths on VRE colonization. The study involved administration of the intervention on patients in the hematology and oncology ward and the incidence of VRE was determined. Significant decrease was observed in the rate of VRE acquisition during intervention, on comparison with baseline period. Roommates of patients with such infections were found at an increased risk of acquiring such infections (Bass et al. 2013). The systematic review is particularly relevant for this research activity due to the fact that it will facilitate understanding of the safety of chlorhexidine treatment, through an exhaustive analysis of the included research articles. It will also provide more generalizability of the findings and will help in implementation of the findings in actual practice. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that hospital acquired infections occur due to prevalence of bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens. These infections are most commonly found in intensive care units where patients are being treated for serious, life-threatening diseases. Based on the findings of the articles analysed, it can be stated that use of chlorhexidine washcloths can be implemented by infection control nurses in order to promote antisepsis. It will also prevent bacterial colonization, thereby eliminating infection. Thus, it has broad clinical application in healthcare setting and can be used as an effective and safe skin-prepping agent. Impact- In order to reduce transmission of infection among critically ill patients, the nurses should put on gloves and masks for protection (Page et al. 2013). They should take precautionary steps for washing their skin after handling CHG. Eyes of the patients as well as nurses should be rinsed cautiously on contact with CHG (Loveday et al. 2014). Use- The collected information can be used in workplace by showing compliance to specific guidelines framed by the hospital authorities. Patients will be regularly monitored to identify those susceptible to infection and will be isolated before administration of CHG. It will also help in identifying the source of infection or colonization of pathogens. Thus, it can help in reducing rates of nosocomial infections in workplace (Barbier et al. 2013). Reflection- The research helped me search realize that infection control is a major priority for all healthcare professionals. I understood that it is the duty of all nursing staff to ensure that healthcare professionals should practice good infection control practices to prevent all kinds of risk factors that might increase infection rates. Thus, all employees in contact with patients are bound to adhere to infection control practices for preventing the spread of organisms. One major change is regular monitoring of all patients and immediately isolating the ones found at an increased risk of infection. Issues- There is a need to conduct further research on effectiveness of other washcloths impregnated with herbal agents such as, bamboo for preventing infection (Yasin, Liu and Yao 2013). This will help patients who are cared for at their homes, where there is less availability of chlorhexidine washcloths References Barbier, F., Andremont, A., Wolff, M. and Bouadma, L., 2013. Hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia: recent advances in epidemiology and management.Current opinion in pulmonary medicine,19(3), pp.216-228. Bass, P., Karki, S., Rhodes, D., Gonelli, S., Land, G., Watson, K., Spelman, D., Harrington, G., Kennon, J. and Cheng, A.C., 2013. Impact of chlorhexidine-impregnated washcloths on reducing incidence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonization in hematologyoncology patients.American journal of infection control,41(4), pp.345-348. Borer, A., Saidel-Odes, L., Eskira, S., Nativ, R., Riesenberg, K., Livshiz-Riven, I., Schlaeffer, F., Sherf, M. and Peled, N., 2012. Risk factors for developing clinical infection with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in hospital patients initially only colonized with carbapenem-resistant K pneumoniae.American journal of infection control,40(5), pp.421-425. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention., 2012. Vital signs: preventing Clostridium difficile infections.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report,61(9), p.157. Climo, M.W., Yokoe, D.S., Warren, D.K., Perl, T.M., Bolon, M., Herwaldt, L.A., Weinstein, R.A., Sepkowitz, K.A., Jernigan, J.A., Sanogo, K. and Wong, E.S., 2013. Effect of daily chlorhexidine bathing on hospital-acquired infection.New England Journal of Medicine,368(6), pp.533-542. Huang, H.P., Chen, B., Wang, H.Y. and He, M., 2016. The efficacy of daily chlorhexidine bathing for preventing healthcare-associated infections in adult intensive care units.The Korean journal of internal medicine,31(6), p.1159. Krein, S.L., Kowalski, C.P., Hofer, T.P. and Saint, S., 2012. Preventing hospital-acquired infections: a national survey of practices reported by US hospitals in 2005 and 2009.Journal of general internal medicine,27(7), pp.773-779. Loveday, H.P., Wilson, J., Pratt, R.J., Golsorkhi, M., Tingle, A., Bak, A., Browne, J., Prieto, J. and Wilcox, M., 2014. epic3: national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England.Journal of Hospital Infection,86, pp.S1-S70. Page, K., Graves, N., Halton, K. and Barnett, A.G., 2013. Humans,things and space: costing hospital infection control interventions.Journal of Hospital Infection,84(3), pp.200-205. Rosenthal, V.D., Bijie, H., Maki, D.G., Mehta, Y., Apisarnthanarak, A., Medeiros, E.A., Leblebicioglu, H., Fisher, D., lvarez-Moreno, C., Khader, I.A. and Martnez, M.D.R.G., 2012. International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 36 countries, for 2004-2009.American journal of infection control,40(5), pp.396-407. Rosenthal, V.D., Richtmann, R., Singh, S., Apisarnthanarak, A., Kbler, A., Viet-Hung, N., Ramrez-Wong, F.M., Portillo-Gallo, J.H., Toscani, J., Gikas, A. and Dueas, L., 2013. Surgical site infections, International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 30 countries, 20052010.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,34(6), pp.597-604. Rupp, M.E., Cavalieri, R.J., Lyden, E., Kucera, J., Martin, M., Fitzgerald, T., Tyner, K., Anderson, J.R. and VanSchooneveld, T.C., 2012. Effect of hospital-wide chlorhexidine patient bathing on healthcare-associated infections.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,33(11), pp.1094-1100. Tacconelli, E., Cataldo, M.A., Dancer, S.J., Angelis, G., Falcone, M., Frank, U., Kahlmeter, G., Pan, A., Petrosillo, N., Rodrguez?Bao, J. and Singh, N., 2014. ESCMID guidelines for the management of the infection control measures to reduce transmission of multidrug?resistant Gram?negative bacteria in hospitalized patients.Clinical Microbiology and Infection,20(s1), pp.1-55. Yasin, S., Liu, L. and Yao, J., 2013. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by bamboo leaves extract and their antimicrobial activity.J Fiber Bioeng Inform,6(6), pp.77-84.